Interpretation of the Evil Inclination as Viewed by Spinoza
Interpretation of the Evil Inclination as Viewed by Spinoza
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705-722Abstract
Spinoza is regarded as a pioneer of Enlightenment philosophy in the seventeenth century, and moral concepts occupy a significant place in his thought. This study aims to analyze Spinoza’s interpretation of the evil inclination within the framework of his moral system, focusing on its rational and cognitive dimensions. It also seeks to assess the internal consistency of his view and its capacity to transcend the traditional dichotomy of good and evil without undermining the sense of moral responsibility. The research concludes that, for Spinoza, evil is not an act directed against God or a violation of the moral order. Rather, it is a relative phenomenon that arises when an individual loses unity with the universe. Evil is therefore a product of ignorance, not the effect of an independent force. It stems from the dominance of negative interactions that weaken one’s capacity for free action. Accordingly, evil is transformed from an absolute moral paradox into a cognitive issue that can be addressed through rational means. The study recommends examining evil not only as a cognitive or philosophical problem but also as a social, historical, and political reality. Such an expanded perspective may deepen our understanding of morality and justice in the face of injustice and discrimination
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