Motives for deciding the battles between Muslims and Indians in the Islamic era

Motives for deciding the battles between Muslims and Indians in the Islamic era

Section: Article

Abstract





Our choice of the topic was (the motives for deciding the battles between Muslims and Indians in the Islamic era), in which we explained the most prominent motives for the decision, whether on the social or political side. We discovered through our research that India adopted the caste system in Indian society. The Indians suffered from the caste system,  But with the arrival of Muslims, they eliminated class differences, followed religious and Islamic tolerance with Indian society, and raised their status.


 I divided the research into two requirements, the first requirement stated: the social motives of the decision, while the second requirement stated: the political motives of the decision.





References

  1.  Al-Idrisi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Idris. Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq. Maktabat al-Thaqafah al-Diniyah, Cairo, 2002.
  2.  Al-Istakhri, Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Farsi. Al-Masalik wa’l-Mamalik. Edited by Muhammad Jabir Abd al-‘Al, revised by Muhammad Shafiq Ghurbal, General Authority of Cultural Palaces, 1964.
  3.  Al-Azdi, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn Duraid. Al-Ishtiqaq. Dar al-Jabal, Beirut, 1991.
  4.  Al-Bakri, Abu ‘Ubayd Abdullah ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Muhammad al-Bakri. Al-Masalik wa’l-Mamalik. Edited by Jamal Taha, Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 2003.
  5.  Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya ibn Jabir ibn Dawud. Futuh al-Buldan. Edited by Abdullah Anis al-Taba‘, Mu’assasat al-Ma‘arif, Beirut, 2020.
  6.  Al-Biruni, Muhammad ibn Ahmad. Tahqiq ma li’l-Hind min Maqulah Ma‘qulah fi al-‘Aql aw Mardhulah. ‘Alam al-Kutub, Beirut, 1983.
  7.  Al-Hamawi, Shihab al-Din Yaqut ibn Abdullah. Mu‘jam al-Buldan. Dar Sader, 2nd ed., Beirut, 1995.
  8.  Al-Himyari, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Mun‘im. Al-Rawd al-Mi‘tar fi Khabar al-Aqtar. Edited by Ihsan Abbas, Lebanon Press, 2nd ed.
  9.  Ibn Khurdadhbih, Abu al-Qasim ‘Ubaydullah ibn Abdullah. Al-Masalik wa’l-Mamalik. Brill Press, Leiden, 1889.
  10.  Ibn Khayyat, Khalifah ibn Khayyat al-Shaybani. Tarikh Khalifah. Edited by Akram Dhiya’ al-‘Umari, Dar al-Qalam, 2nd ed., Beirut, 1976.
  11.  Ibn Kathir, Abu al-Fida’ Isma‘il ibn Umar ibn Kathir. Al-Bidaya wa’l-Nihaya. Edited by Ali Shiri, Dar Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabi, 1988.
  12.  Al-Kufi, Ali ibn Hamid. Fath al-Sind. Dar Tlass for Studies, Translation and Publishing, Damascus, 1991.
  13.  Al-Mas‘udi, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali. Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma‘adin al-Jawhar. Edited by Kamal Hassan Mar‘i, Al-Maktabah al-‘Asriyyah, Beirut, 2005.
  14.  Al-Nuwairi, Ahmad ibn Abd al-Wahhab ibn Muhammad. Nihayat al-Arab fi Funun al-Adab. Dar al-Kutub wa al-Watha’iq al-Qawmiyyah, Cairo, 2011.
  15.  Al-Wafa‘i, Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Muhammad. Dhayl al-Lubab fi Tahrir al-Ansab. Edited by Shadi Muhammad ibn Salim, Oman Research Center, Yemen, 2011.
  16.  Barthold. History of the Turks in Central Asia. Edited by Ahmad Sa‘id Sulayman, Cairo, 1958.
  17.  Badawani, Abd al-Qadir. Muntakhab al-Tawarikh. Edited by Ahmad Sahib, Association of Cultural Works, Isfahan, n.d.
  18.  Hassan, Ibrahim Hassan. Political, Religious, Cultural, and Social History of Islam. Maktabat al-Nahda al-Misriyyah, 3rd ed., Cairo, 1955.
  19.  Al-Hasani, Abd al-Hayy ibn Fakhr al-Din ibn Abd al-‘Ali. Nuzhat al-Khawatir wa Bahjat al-Masami‘. Dar Ibn Hazm, Beirut, 1999.
  20.  Al-Sadati, Ahmad Mahmoud. History of Muslims in the Indian Subcontinent. Maktabat al-Adab, Cairo, n.d.
  21.  Al-Samar, Faisal. The Historical Origins of Civilization in the Far East. Ministry of Information, Baghdad, 1977.
  22.  Al-Sufi, Muhammad Abdul-Azim Abu al-Nasr. The History and Civilization of Muslims in Sind, India, and Punjab. Nawabigh al-Fikr Publishing, Cairo, 2009.
  23.  Al-Tarazi, Abdullah Mubashir. Encyclopedia of Islamic History and Civilization in Sind and Punjab. Edited by Ali Hassan al-Nadwi, ‘Alam al-Ma‘rifah, Jeddah, 1983.
  24.  David O. Allen, D.D. India: Ancient and Modern.
  25.  Deepak Jena. Decoding India for Its Own People. Printed and typeset, Edition 2020.
  26.  Ibrahim, Sufyan Yasin. India in Geographical Sources. PhD Dissertation, Mosul, 2010.
  27.  Hatamleh, Abd al-Karim Abdah Talib. Foreign Relations of the Ghaznavid State (351–582 AH / 961–1186 AD). PhD Dissertation, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, 1988.
  28.  Khattab, Mahmoud Sheit. “India Before and During the Islamic Conquest.” Arab Academy Journal, Baghdad, 1981, Vol. 32.
  29.  Awad, Ahmed Khalaf Abdullah al-Radi. The Rajputs in the Indian Subcontinent (390–933 AH / 1000–1526 AD). Master’s Thesis, University of Minya, 2016.
  30.  Al-Ghazali, Liqa’ Khalil Ismail Yahya. The Indian Army: Its Organization and Formations During the Islamic Sultanate Era (602–932 AH / 1206–1526 AD). PhD Dissertation, University of Mosul, 2019.
  31.  Lawā, Luqman al-Wafi. “Buddhism: Its Origins, Contributions of Indian Kings, and Development.” Thaqafat al-Hind Journal, New Delhi, 2014.
  32.  Al-Mashhadani, Yasser Abd al-Jawad. “Tamerlane’s Campaign and Its Impact on Islamic India.” Basic Education College Research Journal, Issue 8, Vol. 4, Mosul, 2008.

Identifiers

Statistics

How to Cite

Motives for deciding the battles between Muslims and Indians in the Islamic era: Motives for deciding the battles between Muslims and Indians in the Islamic era. (2025). Journal of Education for the Humanities , 5(20.3), 37-54. https://doi.org/10.33899/5g595h61
Copyright and Licensing

How to Cite

Motives for deciding the battles between Muslims and Indians in the Islamic era: Motives for deciding the battles between Muslims and Indians in the Islamic era. (2025). Journal of Education for the Humanities , 5(20.3), 37-54. https://doi.org/10.33899/5g595h61