Journal of Education for the Humanities

The Cofiscations during the reign of Al-Nasir Muhammad ibn al-Mansur Qalawun its role in developing the resources of the mamluk state (709-741 A.H / 1309-1340 A.D)

Nehal Abd-ALWahab Hamid — 2026-03-01

Cofiscations were one of the means used by the Mamluk sultans to organize and control the state's resources. This phenomenon was not uncommon in the Islamic state. Confiscations took on an administrative and economic character, the goal of which was to hold accountable negligent and transgressing statesmen, scholars, and military personnel. Despite the occasional cruelty and injustice, this policy contributed to supporting development by directing confiscated resources to the state treasury, which was then invested in construction or service projects. Confiscations reflected an early awareness of the importance of preserving the state's resources and preventing them from being monopolized by a specific group. This is considered one of the foundations of development, which is based on ensuring the continuity of resources for future generations.

The research addresses the phenomenon of confiscations practiced by the Mamluk state against its employees, including representatives, princes, scholars, and administrators, highlighting how the state dealt with a number of specific cases.

The research is organized into five main sections, addressing the reasons and motives behind the confiscations, the categories covered by the confiscation, the most prominent examples cited in the sources, the types of confiscations, and the authorities authorized to issue confiscation decisions. Another section is devoted to examining the fate of the individuals whose property was confiscated and the mechanism for dealing with them after the confiscation was carried out

The Theological Methodology of Imam Al-Nawawi and Its Connection to the Ash’ rite School: The Seven Purposes as a Model

Khalid Jalal Muhiadin — 2026-03-01

This research aims to study the theological methodology of Imam Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (631-676 AH) and demonstrate its connection to the ash ‘rite school through the analysis of his book "Al-Maqasid al-Sab'ah" (The Seven Purposes). The research adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology to extract the characteristics of al-Nawawi's theological approach and compare it with ash’ rite principles.

The research concluded that Imam al-Nawawi adopted the ash ‘rite methodology in his theological foundations while adding methodological contributions characterized by moderation, clarity, and practical application. The study also showed that "The Seven Purposes" represents an integrated model of the ash’ rite theological methodology, where al-Nawawi addressed fundamental theological issues (Monotheism, Prophethood, the Hereafter, Divine Decree, Faith, Deeds, and Spiritual States) in a systematic way that combines textual and rational evidence.

The research recommends conducting comparative studies of al-Nawawi's methodology with his contemporaries among ash’ rite scholars, and benefiting from his approach in contemporary theological education

The Constitution of Medina and Its Civilizational Significance in Building Social Solidarity

Omar Sultan Jerjees — 2026-03-01

The city document established by the Messenger r is the first base and the basic building block that represents the constitution of the new Islamic state, and it is considered one of the most important and first constitutions in the world and the first list calling for the rights of society in the history of Arabs, the contract of an advanced citizen on its era, and a bright sign in the history of Islamic and human civilization, it contained many items, regulations and instructions during which he organized the relationship between the sons of one Muslim community and among Muslims and other other religions such as Jews The residents of Medina at that time, and showed the rights and obligations of each of the individuals residing in Medina by documenting and building the principle of rights and duties.

The question we are discussing here is whether organizing social solidarity in any society helps in paving the way for the establishment of the state, and what are the civilizational values and lessons that we derive from organizing social solidarity? Therefore, it is time for this society to return to what it was previously, that society which graduated from the school of prophecy and drank from its sweet spring and through which all good was achieved for humanity at a time when it was in dire need of it.

Interpretation of the Evil Inclination as Viewed by Spinoza

Suhaib Mohammed Seleh Othman — 2026-03-01

Spinoza is regarded as a pioneer of Enlightenment philosophy in the seventeenth century, and moral concepts occupy a significant place in his thought. This study aims to analyze Spinoza’s interpretation of the evil inclination within the framework of his moral system, focusing on its rational and cognitive dimensions. It also seeks to assess the internal consistency of his view and its capacity to transcend the traditional dichotomy of good and evil without undermining the sense of moral responsibility. The research concludes that, for Spinoza, evil is not an act directed against God or a violation of the moral order. Rather, it is a relative phenomenon that arises when an individual loses unity with the universe. Evil is therefore a product of ignorance, not the effect of an independent force. It stems from the dominance of negative interactions that weaken one’s capacity for free action. Accordingly, evil is transformed from an absolute moral paradox into a cognitive issue that can be addressed through rational means. The study recommends examining evil not only as a cognitive or philosophical problem but also as a social, historical, and political reality. Such an expanded perspective may deepen our understanding of morality and justice in the face of injustice and discrimination

تقييم الاستهلاك وتقدير الاحتياجات المائية الحضرية في محافظة كركوك عبر الوحدات الادارية

Zain Al-Abdeen Ali Safar — 2026-03-01

Water is the most vital resource that directly influences various aspects of economic, social, and urban development due to its significant role in the progress and stability of societies in any region. From this perspective, the importance of this study emerges, as it addresses urban and domestic water consumption in Kirkuk Governorate according to its administrative units. The research focused on three main axes:

The first axis examined population change and urban development witnessed by Kirkuk Governorate over the past 50 years, during which water resources did not keep pace with spatial and demographic growth.

The second axis studied the water sources supplying the city, their efficiency, and their effectiveness in meeting the needs of the governorate’s cities, in addition to examining water consumption patterns and the factors affecting them.

The third axis analyzed the relationship between selected urban, economic, and social variables and domestic water consumption. The daily per capita domestic and urban water consumption was estimated at about 130 liters/person/day, while the daily urban consumption in Kirkuk city center (domestic, commercial, service, industrial, and recreational uses) was also calculated. Meanwhile, the average urban consumption for the governorate’s residents in the same year was estimated at about 150 liters/person/day, according to planning standards applied in several Arab cities. The

"Abuse in the Application of the Principle of Taqlid: A Critical Usulī Study"

Sanaa Ali Ashkar Abd — 2026-03-01

This study critically examines the abuse of Taqlid (legal following) in Islamic jurisprudence. While Taqlid initially served as a necessary practice for those unable to perform ijtihad, its misuse over time has hindered independent reasoning, fostered sectarian rigidity, and deviated from Sharia objectives. The research aims to distinguish between legitimate Taqlid, required by necessity, and blameworthy Taqlid that obstructs jurisprudential vitality. Using a critical analytical usul methodology, the study analyzes classical and contemporary sources and scholars’ opinions. Findings show that well-regulated Taqlid preserves religious practice and facilitates rulings, whereas its abuse undermines ijtihad and impedes legal renewal

Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Opportunities... A Forward-Looking Vision

Zina Saeed Ahmed — 2026-03-01

Societies today are at a crossroads amidst the artificial intelligence revolution. While it offers opportunities in all aspects of society, it may pose challenges in other areas. Despite the many modern technological developments and innovations that seek to advance and develop societies However, some are witnessing a threat to their careers, and possibly even their loss, and prioritizing those with skills and experience in technology and its innovations. This further deepens class differences among members of society, and those who will suffer as a result of these changes, particularly with the invasion of robots into our societies, which will play a role in the social lives of individuals

الحياة الدينية عند العرب قبل الإسلام

Saddam Hussein Abboud — 2026-03-01

Pre-Islamic Arab religion was characterized by polytheism and idol worship. Each tribe had its own deities, such as Hubal, Al-Lat, and Al-Uzza. In addition, Arabs practiced pagan rituals, such as circling the Kaaba, along with primitive beliefs in magic and divination.

Other monotheistic religions (such as Judaism and Christianity) had a limited presence in some regions. Among these, the Hanafi phenomenon emerged, as they rejected paganism and the religion of Abraham (peace be upon him). Religious life was a reflection of tribal society and a prelude to the emergence of Islam, which united the Arabs under the doctrine

Abu al.Qasim al.Kirmani’s instructions for the tool (alba') in his interpretation ( gharayib altafsir waeajayib altaawili(

Ahmed Khalaf Salih — 2026-03-01

This research deals with the meaning of the univocal ba' in the verse: {In the name of Allah is its course and its anchorage}. It monitors the statements of grammarians and commentators on whether it is a ba' of state or accompaniment, and explains its semantic effect in seeking blessings, adherence, and seeking help from Allah. The meaning of the ba' is dual in the verse: {And wipe over your heads}, between its addition or its indication of partiality or attachment, with the presentation of the disagreement of the imams (Malik, Al.Shafi'i, Abu Hanifa), and the statement of the opinions of commentators and grammarians on the amount of wiping required. The meaning of the ba' is trivalent in the verse: {And in their right hands is their light}, clarifying the disagreement of commentators on whether it means (in), (about), or causality. It monitors the opinions of grammarians and commentators on the multiplicity of its meanings and its semantic impact in explaining the light of the believers on the Day of Resurrection. The meaning of the letter "ba" is quadrilateral in the verse: "growth with oil" (tanbutu bi.duhn), explaining its four aspects: transitivity, increase, accompaniment, and causality, while presenting the statements of grammarians and commentators and the differences in readings, and explaining its impact in explaining the meaning of "dahn" as opposed to "oil" or "light rain". The meaning of the letter "ba" is quintilateral in the verse: "so because you misled me" (fa.b.ma.aghwaytani), explaining its five meanings: oath, causality, "lam", substitute, and accompaniment, while presenting the statements of grammarians and commentators, and explaining its meaning in confirming Satan's argument, and the diversity of its grammatical and rhetorical directions

"Remembrance (Dhikr) and Supplication (Dua) in the Noble Quran and Sunnah and Their Impact on Mental Health: An Exegetical and Educational Study"

Hakar Ramzy Mosa — 2026-03-01

Praise be to Allah, by whose grace good deeds are completed, and who bestowed upon humankind the gift of intellect, reflection, and the ability to discern between right and wrong. Peace and blessings be upon Prophet Muhammad, the noblest of creation, who illuminated the paths of guidance and peace, and upon his family, companions, and all who follow them in righteousness until the Day of Judgment.

This study highlights that Allah has endowed humanity with the blessing of reason and contemplation, and established remembrance (dhikr) and supplication (duʿāʾ), grounded in the Qur’an and the Prophetic tradition, as a comprehensive divine framework for achieving guidance and psychological stability. This framework serves as an educational and preventive system that contributes to behavioral correction and the treatment of deviations, while providing a practical model for guiding youth and protecting them from psychological pressures. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) embodied this methodology in his life, and his Companions faithfully transmitted its teachings, thereby reinforcing its values in the psychological and educational development of the Muslim community.

The research aims to examine dhikr and (duʿāʾ) from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, and to explore their psychological and educational impacts, along with relevant contemporary applications. The study is structured into three main sections:

• The first section discusses dhikr and (duʿāʾ) in light of the primary Islamic sources, emphasizing their significance and role in the life of a Muslim.

• The second section focuses on psychological effects through an integrated scientific and Islamic approach, reviewing neurological impacts based on contemporary studies and analyzing the Islamic educational perspective.

• The third section presents modern educational applications, including mental training programs, a scientific framework for therapeutic practices using dhikr and (duʿāʾ), and mechanisms for measuring outcomes through success indicators.

The study concludes with key findings that underscore the religious, psychological, and educational value of dhikr and (duʿāʾ), and offers a set of recommendations to enhance the practical utilization of these practices in contemporary contexts

Domestic Violence and Its Consequences on Women: A Field Study in Mosul City

Fathy Ahmed Fathy Ahmed — 2026-03-01

The objective of the research is to identify domestic violence and its consequences on women, and the resulting danger to the life of the individual and the family, and the harm that domestic violence will produce. The case study approach was used, and the interview tool was used in the process of collecting data from the sample members who were interviewed, which are five cases of women who were abused by their men within the family in the right side of Mosul city. The research concluded that there is domestic violence in various forms, whether verbal, physical, or psychological violence. The research also found that all cases of violence are eventually resolved according to the laws and tribal norms prevailing in society

The Impact of a Collaborative E-Learning Environment on Law Students’ Achievement in Computer Science and the Development of Metacognitive Skills

Sabren hani Farhan — 2026-03-01

This research explored the influence of a collaborative e-learning environment on law students’ performance in computer science and on the development of their metacognitive skills. The study followed an experimental design and included 124 students from the College of Law. They were distributed into two groups: an experimental group (n = 58), which received instruction through a collaborative e-learning environment, and a control group (n = 66), which was taught using traditional methods.

Two null hypotheses were examined: first, that no significant difference at the 0.05 level would be found between the mean scores of the two groups in the achievement test; and second, that no significant difference would appear between their mean scores on the metacognitive skills scale. The study employed two tools—a validated achievement test and a metacognitive skills scale—whose reliability and validity were established. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks, with two teaching sessions conducted weekly for each group.

The results showed clear and statistically significant differences favoring the experimental group in both achievement and metacognitive skills. These findings underscore the value of collaborative e-learning

The Urge to Work and the Outcomes of Sustainable Development: A reading of the Cognitive and Applied Model of the Ulama of the Abbasid State (132-460 AH / 749-1067) AD

Marwa Mohammed Ameen — 2026-03-01

Work is the cornerstone upon which the edifices of civilizations are built, It constitutes an essential and indispensable component of a comprehensive civilizational renaissance, It is also an essential tributary to achieving sustainable development in its contemporary concept, which is concerned with meeting the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, This ensures the continuity of resources and human prosperity in the long term, The Ulama of the Abbasid State deeply and insightfully foresaw the pivotal value of work in building an integrated individual entity and a prosperous society, They thus set an exemplary model of continuous scientific endeavor and tireless intellectual toil across the various fields of science and knowledge that flourished during their golden age, For them, the concept of work was not limited to a mere spiritual devotional obligation or a source of livelihood; rather, it rose to a profound status of stewardship, requiring the cultivation and improvement of the earth, the preservation of its resources, and the development of everything that would serve humanity and achieve its common good.

The Ulama of the Abbasid state understood the essence of the call to work as a sublime civilizational and human value, representing an indispensable engine for comprehensive societal renaissance at various levels, whether economic, scientific, urban, or cultural. Their vision in stimulating work was not limited to achieving immediate benefit or specific to a narrow time and place, but rather was characterized by comprehensiveness and profound foresight, They recognized the importance of establishing sustainable infrastructure, All of this reflects their profound insight and sound reasoning in combining the urgent requirements of the present with ambitious future planning for truly sustainable development, This demonstrates the high level of Abbasid thought, which saw no separation between theory and practice, and confirms the intellectual prosperity and remarkable scientific progress achieved during that era, making it a beacon of knowledge for the entire world, laying the foundations for subsequent progress.

From this perspective, the research seeks to offer a different and insightful civilizational reading of the Abbasid State, one that transcends traditional narratives that focus on political or religious aspects in isolation from their developmental implications, This is done from the perspective of sustainable development, which has recently received increasing attention and cognitive rooting on a global level, This provides a powerful analytical framework through which to re-evaluate the achievements of previous civilizations and the lessons learned in building a better and more sustainable future

Determining the months of rest and their physiological effects on human comfort in the district of Dohuk.

Nejin Ghazi Taher — 2026-03-01

The aim of this study is to determine the most famous comfort in Dohuk and its physiological effects on human comfort, based on the main elements of climate (temperature, humidity and wind) as factors affecting the physiological characteristics of humans. As well as its role as essential elements to achieve the attractions of the region according to the differences in time to identify the most comfortable times on the monthly and quarterly. To achieve this, the study relied on the equations of Tom (THI) and Sabeel and Basel (KO) based on the climatic data of the Duhok station between (2013-2022). The study revealed that there are temporal variations in the months of comfort between the ideal rest for the months of (April and May) represented by the lack of rainfall and moderate temperatures and contribute to the increased efficiency of tourist activities and freedom of movement between tourist sites, while the summer months were characterized by intense heat, which is an uncomfortable period And is suitable for tourism

Praise of Baghdad in the texts of the books "Manaqib Baghdad" and "Mu'jam al-Buldan A critical study

Maha Saeed Hameed — 2026-03-01

Geographical and religious literature hold an important place in documenting the image of cities. As the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and a scientific and cultural center, Baghdad was the subject of praise and commendation in the works of many historians, most notably the book "Manaqib Baghdad" attributed to Ibn al-Jawzi (d. 597 AH/1200 AD) and the book "Mu'jam al-Buldan" by Yaqut al-Hamawi (d. 626 AH/1228 AD), They presented a literary and geographical description full of praise for Baghdad, and agreed on its symbolic, scientific and religious status in Islamic civilization. They presented an ideal image of a city that combines religion, science and urbanism. The texts of these two books also highlighted the importance of geographical and literary writing in consolidating the cultural memory of major Islamic cities. The research reached important conclusions, the most important of which is that the city of Baghdad received the attention of Arab and Muslim historians, geographers and orientalists, and its presence in their literature expanded in general annual history books, books of classes and biographies, as well as local history books of Baghdad and books of geographers and travelers

Compassionate Education in Islam as an Alternative to Violence: Qur’anic and Prophetic Models

Abdelouahed ben mihamed Chahby — 2026-03-01

This study highlights the role of compassionate education in Islam as a civilizational alternative to violence in social upbringing. It analyzes Qur’anic and Prophetic texts that emphasize mercy and explores educational models drawn from the Qur’an, such as Luqman’s advice, the prayers of prophets, and dialogical approaches, alongside Prophetic practices characterized by kindness, gradual teaching, and exemplary conduct. The research demonstrates that Islamic pedagogy offers practical alternatives to violence through compassion, wisdom, gentle exhortation, dialogue, and balanced reward and punishment. Findings reveal that compassionate education fosters balanced personality development, self-confidence, social belonging, and psychological security, making it a strategic approach to addressing educational violence. The study recommends integrating Islamic values of mercy and wisdom into curricula and teacher training programs to strengthen non-violent educational practices

Geopolitical analysis of scientific research and innovation indicators in the United Arab Emirates

Hussein Ali Aran — 2026-03-01

The research aims to define the conceptual framework of scientific research and innovation according to a geopolitical analytical vision that includes indicators of scientific research and innovation in the United Arab Emirates in order to reveal its role in determining its regional and international standing The nature of the geopolitical decline compared to some selected countries that seek to adopt the pillars of scientific research and innovation as strategic tools that contribute to building and advancing these countries in light of regional and international competition and polarization of scientific research and innovation. The study was based on conducting a geopolitical comparison with regional countries of strategic importance, namely Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Egypt, as well as the United States of America and the Zionist entity, in order to embody the reality of the geopolitical decline of scientific research and innovation indicators according to the geopolitical situation of each country, its political system and its national strategy. The research was based on a scientific hypothesis that shows that the progress of the United Arab Emirates in the field of scientific research and innovation is a cornerstone of its geopolitical power and that its regional standing has become greater than its geographical and demographic size. The research concluded that the United Arab Emirates achieved positive results compared to some countries due to its strategic vision and investment in human capital development and technological infrastructure, as these are modern geopolitical tools that enhance the UAE’s position regionally and internationally

Discourse Accommodation and the Possibility of Fallacy: An Analytical Study of Escape Discourse in Arabic Heritage

Jassim Khairy Haidar — 2026-03-01

This research examines the impact of logical fallacies on discourse accommodation in Arabic heritage contexts through Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT). The study analyzes how speakers strategically employ fallacies to accommodate their discourse for achieving objectives such as influencing audiences, reducing tension, and managing power relations. Using selected examples from Arabic heritage texts involving escape discourse and survival situations, the research applies an analytical methodology focusing on verbal, emotional, and social dimensions of accommodation strategies.

The findings reveal that speakers in critical situations successfully utilized fallacies as strategic tools for discourse accommodation. The analysis demonstrates how fallacies enhanced survival prospects, facilitated relationship management with dominant parties, and mitigated crisis intensity. The study shows the flexibility of Arabic discourse in employing convergence and divergence strategies, revealing speakers' expertise in managing communicative challenges. This research contributes to understanding Arabic heritage discourse and accommodation methods, offering a new framework for analyzing the relationship between traditional Arabic communication and contemporary linguistic theories

Earthquakes in the Islamic world from the first century AH / seventh century AD to the eleventh century AH / seventeenth century AD through the book 'Shudhurat al-Dhahab fi Akhbar man Dhahab' by Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali (d. 1089 AH / 1679 AD)

Mohammed Ali Hamid Aziz — 2026-03-01

Earthquakes are considered interesting natural phenomena, so this study aims to shed more light on the field of historical documentation of earthquakes. It aims to identify the earthquakes mentioned by the Islamic historian Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali in his book “Shudhurat al-Dhahab fi Akhbar man Dhahab,” where he documented thirty-eight earthquakes that struck the Islamic world during the period chronicled in this book. He also identified two types of earthquakes in his book: the first type is limited earthquakes that strike only a specific area, while the second type is general earthquakes that strike a group of areas at once, at the same time, in addition to mentioning their strength and intensity at times. Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali’s interest in documenting earthquakes is due to the fact that they are among the largest natural disasters that affect human life and future. Therefore, he provided us with accurate and detailed information about many of these earthquakes, which helps to create an important and valuable database about them, in addition to the human and material losses they caused, which contributes to the production of other research in this field that combines historical facts and modern scientific theories

Dysphemism and Hope-crushing Humor in Iraqi Street Interviews: A Pragmatic Case Study of ‘Ma’a Al-Aziz’

Younis Ibrahim Banyweis — 2026-03-01

Iraqi street interviews have become a source of humor and entertainment for Iraqi society. However, this humor often comes at the expense of the interviewee’s suffering. In the widely-watched street interview program “Ma’a Al-Aziz,” the interviewer uses dysphemism and hope-crushing humor to target participants’ positive face, trivialize their hardships, and indirectly comment on social or political issues. The current study analyzes twenty interviews from “Ma’a Al-Aziz,” an Iraqi televised program circulated on social media. A qualitative approach is employed, drawing on an eclectic model that integrates Attardo’s (1994) theory of humor, Culpeper’s (2005) model of impoliteness and face attack, and Allan and Burridge’s (2006) framework of dysphemism. Findings reveal that Al-Aziz consistently employs ridicule, irony, and offensive comparisons, often presented as humor, to attack both positive face (the need for approval) and negative face (the need for autonomy). Dysphemistic strategies identified include exaggeration, taboo expressions, de-agentivization, objectification, synecdoche, and overgeneralization

Gender Segregation and the Male Gaze: Unveiling the Power Dynamics in Cousin Phillis

Muntasser Jebur Resham — 2026-03-01

This paper presents a critical analysis of Elizabeth Gaskell’s novella Cousin Phillis, situating the work within the changing role and status of women during the Industrial Revolution in Victorian England (1837–1901). It begins with an outline of the novella’s plot, structure, and rural-industrial setting, establishing the historical and literary context for Gaskell’s representation of female experience.

The discussion then turns to Gaskell’s literary background, exploring how her personal circumstances, intellectual influences, and exposure to contemporary social and economic change shaped her writing. This contextual framing sheds light on the ways in which her depictions of gender and class emerge from lived observation.

At the heart of the analysis is the theme of female agency and the constraints of patriarchy. Gaskell’s prominence as a Victorian novelist lends weight to her portrayal of women’s interior lives, revealing cultural anxieties about innocence, independence, and femininity. A review of critical scholarship highlights how Cousin Phillis has been interpreted in terms of gender and societal expectations.

The paper ultimately shifts from the narrator’s restricted view to Phillis herself, recovering her voice and exploring her development alongside male figures such as Paul, the minister, and Mr. Holdsworth. In doing so, it assesses whether Phillis transcends patriarchal limits or remains confined, contributing to wider debates on female subjectivity in nineteenth-century literature

Developing Speaking Skills Assessment at University Level: Insights from Teachers' Perspectives

Maysam Tareq Mahmood — 2026-03-01

The present study aims at investigating and developing the assessment of oral /speaking skills by the university teachers who teach the conversation at Al Noor University as well as three colleges in the University of Mosul (College of Education for Humanities, College of Arts, College of Basic Education) . The study is conducted in the academic year 2024-2025. To achieve the purpose of this study, a questionnaire is utilized to collect data from the university teachers. Two types of questionnaires are used: the structured and semi-structured. Then, the given answers are analyzed. The sample of the study is ( 80 ) EFL university teachers who are teaching conversation . The focus of the current research is on the ways used by the teachers when assessing the speaking skills. Moreover, the study aims to identify ways to enhance assessments of this type, as speaking skills are considered receptive skills. In the light of the findings, the researcher concluded that EFL teachers do not assess students’ speaking accurately and logically as they neglect some important aspects. The findings show that the Iraqi university teachers should reinforce the teaching approaches to effectively assess and develop receptive skills .

Utilizing McCarthy Model to Enhancing EFL Learners’ Reading Skills at University Level

Firas Muayyad Salih — 2026-03-01

Engaging teaching method that caters for all the needs of language learners is every language teacher’s dream. From this perspective, the present study investigates experimentally the effectiveness of utilizing the McCarthy instructional model on enhancing five of the reading skills of the first-year EFL undergraduate students enrolled at the Department of English, College of Education for Humanities, University of Mosul in the second term of the academic year 2024-2025. The population of the study was all the first-year EFL undergraduate students enrolled at the Department of English whose total population is 397 students distributed across five-separate classes. Then, Group B and Group E were randomly chosen to be the study sample. After applying the matching procedures, the composition of both study groups changed in terms of participant numbers, 38 for each group, i.e. B and E, with a total number of 76 participants. To proceed, one group, viz. group B, was randomly chosen to be the experimental group; and E as the control. The manipulation group was instructed according to the McCarthy instructional model, whereas the comparison group was instructed according to the prescribed method, i.e. the lecture method. The intervention lasted for precisely 10 weeks and one day. Based on the results of the study, it was deduced that the McCarthy instructional model, which involves eight sequential activities developed to accommodate each of the four types of learners, using both left- and right-mode processing techniques in each quadrant, was corroborated to be overwhelmingly effective in enhancing first-year EFL undergraduate students’ reading skills

Assessing EFL University Students' Language Ego

Faris Ali Omar — 2026-03-01

Language Ego is a concept deeply rooted in an individual’s personality and sense of identity regarding his first language. This psychological phenomenon can either facilitate or hinder the learning process of a foreign language and the development of professional learning. This psychological phenomenon has received little attention in the context of language teaching and learning. In this sense, this study attempts to address this problem and to fill this gap. It aims to assess Language Ego. The study adopts Guiora’s (1994) model of Language Ego. To achieve the aims, a sample of 100 out of 314 EFL third-year students from the University of Mosul for the academic year 2024-2025 is randomly selected. The data collected are then statistically analyzed by a statistician. The results of the study show that the sample has a moderate level of Language Ego. Moreover, the sample’s perceived level and the performance-based level are approximately equal.

A Phonological Study of the Patterns of Nicknames in Mosuli Arabic with Reference to Meaning

Zahraa Mohammed Saleh Ahmed — 2026-03-01

Nicknaming is a widespread linguistic phenomenon, often used to express affection or familiarity. In many languages, including Mosuli Arabic, a single proper name can yield multiple nicknames depending on social and linguistic factors. This study investigates the phonological processes involved in the formation of nicknames in Mosuli Arabic, aiming to identify the rules and patterns that govern this transformation. Names are categorized according to syllable structure, vowel–consonant combinations, and stress patterns to uncover general tendencies in nickname formation. The analysis reveals that, while nickname creation often involves creative manipulation, it also reflects consistent underlying phonological structures. These findings highlight the intuitive linguistic knowledge speakers use in adapting proper names into more familiar forms

Measuring the level of citizenship and its relationship to personal happiness among university students

Waad Saaed Taha — 2026-03-01

The current research aims to know the measurement of citizenship and its relationship to personal happiness among students of Salah al-Din University-Erbil /College of Education-Shaqlawa, according to the variables (gender, academic specialization). The researchers used the descriptive correlational approach. The research community consists of students of Salah al-Din University-Erbil/College of Education/Shaqlawa. The research sample consists of (273) male and female students. The researchers relied on two ready scales for both variables (citizenship, personal happiness). To extract the research results, the researchers used the following statistical methods, including: percentage, t-test for two independent samples, correlation coefficient, t-test for one sample, Spearman-Brown equation, Cronbach's alpha equation, one-way analysis of variance, multiple regression using the (SPSS) program. The study reached the following results: There is a high level of citizenship among university students, There is a high level of personal happiness among university students, There is a very weak relationship between the level of citizenship and personal happiness, as the calculated t-value reached (0.116) at the significance level (0.05). The test results indicate no

Southern Lebanon in the Face of Zionist Aggression 1990-2000

Waad Shaher Mahmoud — 2026-03-01

The idea of the research revolves around studying the history of southern Lebanon in confronting Zionist ambitions since 1948 by focusing on presenting the political and military context of the Zionist attacks after the occupation of the border strip in 1978, specifically in the decisive phase of that confrontation1990-2000 Which witnessed a qualitative transformation in the performance of the Lebanese resistance after it adopted new methods and methods of combat that succeeded in imposing a state of continuous exhaustion on the Zionist army and its militias, and ultimately culminated in the liberation of southern Lebanon from the Zionist occupation in May 2000 without any restrictions or conditions

Geographical analysis of the residential function in the city of Talkif

Ghada Ghaneem Madeen 1 — 2026-03-01

Residential use is one of the primary uses of land in cities and the primary driver of their growth. However, the area occupied by residential housing in cities varies from one city to another and from one period to another within a single city. Residential growth is a major factor in the spatial structure pattern of the city. The residential function usually occupies the largest area in land use in most cities. Geographers have paid great attention to studying housing, whether rural or urban, and then it is a natural matter and a main unit of the components of the urban fabric of the various settlement centers.

Urban housing is perhaps the most interesting given its diverse patterns, on the one hand, and the factors influencing its composition and distribution, on the other. This is in addition to other variables associated with it, such as the relationship between housing pattern and income level, social status, demographic conditions of the community, and so on. On the other hand, the residential area represents one of the main and important uses in the city, and it occupies the largest area of it, as its percentage of occupancy ranges between 35.0-45.0% of the city’s area, and it may sometimes exceed that in cities.

Seasonal Drought Assessment in Nineveh Governorate Using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for the Rainy Seasons (2022–2012)

Khudhur Rasheed Abdulrahman 1 — 2026-03-01

This study analyzes the spatial and temporal variability of seasonal drought and wetness in Nineveh Governorate, northern Iraq, during autumn, winter, and spring between 2012 and 2022. As Nineveh is a key agricultural region, understanding seasonal climate variability is vital for planning agricultural policies and managing water resources for agricultural projects

Using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and monthly rainfall data from 34 virtual meteorological stations (sourced from https://power.larc.nasa.gov ), the study employed descriptive and analytical methodologies supported by quantitative techniques.

The findings indicate that mild drought conditions dominated during autumn, while winter was characterized by relative climatic stability without signs of extreme wetness or dryness. In spring, light wetness prevailed in most stations, with a few cases of extreme drought observed in southwestern parts of the governorate.

The study concludes that Nineveh exhibits a general climatic trend toward mild to moderate drought. It recommends adopting proactive water management strategies and enhancing climate monitoring systems.

Byzantine influences on the army and navy during the Umayyad era (41 AH - 132 AD/661-750 AD)

Khalida salman ibrahim 1 — 2026-03-01

aim of the research is to present a study on the Byzantine influences on the army and navy during the Umayyad era (41 AH - 132 AH / 661 AD - 750 AD), by highlighting the extent to which the Umayyad military structure was influenced by the The Byzantine model, as a result of the direct and continuous contact between the two statesThe Umayyads were deeply influenced by the Byzantine theme system, which was clearly reflected in the establishment of the Umayyad system of armies and frontiers, whereby soldiers were stationed, supplies were provided, and support was provided at border points, establishing a permanent defensive system. The Umayyads also adopted a flexible combat organization derived from the system of karadis and khamis, which gave them a high capacity for deployment and expanded combat activity. This influence extended to include the use of heavy weapons such as catapults and war tanks, in addition to the adoption of reconnaissance and information gathering networks as part of the mechanisms of indirect military organization, along with the activation of military mail to ensure rapid communication between the leadership an sites.

In the naval field, Byzantine expertise was reflected in the methods of organizing fleets and building ships, especially

Between The Harvest of Years Zaki Najib Mahmoudand The Dust of Years Omar Faruuq: A Critical Approach

Essam Mohammed Sulaiman 1 — 2026-03-01

This research seeks, through a critical approach and a careful reading, to explore and investigate the similarities and differences between two distinguished creative texts. The first is The Harvest of Years, the autobiography of the eminent thinker Dr. Zaki Najib Mahmoud, one of the most prominent Arab scholars and philosophers of the modern era. He devoted his efforts, knowledge, and thought to serving Arab culture and renewing its intellectual foundations in accordance with the needs of the modern age. He had a clear and comprehensive vision regarding multiple themes and diverse issues in our contemporary cultural scene. He was a unique and distinctive voice, shaped by a culture that blended both Western and Eastern knowledge. He stood at the forefront of intellectuals with a scientific orientation and an enlightened rationalist mindset. With his modern scientific methodology and unique analytical ability, he was able to develop cultural conditions and present philosophical ideas in a clear and simplified language that combined refined literary style with concise journalistic writing. His philosophical expression was marked by clarity and elegance, in addition to its richness, benefit, and precision. He blended philosophy with literature, seeking to present the essence of his philosophical knowledge to people in a way that made philosophy accessible to their understanding, taste, and daily life, armed throughout with science and knowledge.As for the second text, The Dust of Years, it is the autobiography of Dr. Omar Faruuq, regarded as one of the prominent literary figures and thinkers of the modern era. He was a discerning writer and critic, deeply perceptive of Arab creativity in various fields of literature, especially poetry, thought, and history. He was also a rigorous academic, a historian well-versed in the foundations of scientific research, and a widely read translator. He possessed a distinctive methodology with clearly defined steps, procedures, regulations, and a comprehensive, lucid vision in dealing with both historical texts and creative literary works, whether ancient or modern. A writer of vast and diverse interests, his works covered multiple subjects: literature and its history, poetry, language, history, philosophy, Islamic studies, and the critique of Orientalists.The research plan and methodology required dividing the study into an introduction, a prelude, and a conclusion, where we presented the most significant findings. In the introduction, we traced the concept of autobiography and the texts excluded from it, while in the prelude, we discussed the writer and the text (the autobiography). Each aspect of the two texts was examined under specific subheadings that explored and revealed their dimensions, namely: title, language, style, time, place, and characters. The study employed a varied methodology that combined inductive, analytical, and descriptive approaches.	31/8/2025	Received :
	21/9/2025	Revised
	8/10/2025	Accepted :
	1/3/2026	Published
	Keywords:
	The Harvest of Years, The Dust of Years, autobiography, language.
	Correspondence:
	Essam Mohammed
	[email protected]">[email protected]

The impact of social relationships on the mental health and psychological well-being of university students

Sadiq Jaafar Hassan Salman — 2026-03-01

This study aimed to investigate the impact of social relationships on the mental health and well-being of university students. To achieve this, the descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, with the study being conducted on a sample of (453) male and female students from the Mathematics Department, College of Basic Education, University of Tal Afar, in 2025. Data were collected using three standardized scales: the Social Relations Scale, the Mental Health Scale, and the Psychological Well-being Scale. The results showed that the sample members enjoyed high levels of social relationships, mental health, and psychological well-being. They also revealed the presence of positive correlations with statistical significance at a significance level of (0.05) between social relationships and both mental health and psychological well-being. These results emphasize the critical importance of promoting positive social relationships in supporting students' mental health and overall well-being, highlighting the need for university counseling centers and educational policymakers to pay attention to these aspects. It should be noted that the results of this research are limited to students in the Mathematics Department at the University of Tal Afar

Womb Renting and the Transformations of Motherhood: An Intellectual Reading of the Concepts of Body and Identity in Light of Islamic Maqasid

Hiba Abdulelah Mohammed — 2026-03-01

This research examines "womb renting" as a contemporary "intellectual unprecedented issue" that transcends traditional jurisprudential analysis. It critically analyzes its profound impacts on the concepts of motherhood, the body, identity, and lineage within the Islamic framework. The study aims to offer a comprehensive intellectual and maqasidi (higher objectives of Sharia) reading of the phenomenon, outlining its motivations and various forms, as well as contemporary jurisprudential stances, with a focus on the absolute prohibition adopted by Islamic Fiqh councils.

The research reveals that womb renting contributes to the fragmentation of motherhood into fragmented functions and the commodification of the body, transforming it into a rentable commodity, which contradicts the Islamic principle of preserving human dignity. Furthermore, it threatens the child's identity and undermines legitimate lineage, embedding market relations at the core of reproductive relationships and perpetuating the exploitation of impoverished women. The study emphasizes the urgent need to develop a jurisprudential discourse that integrates the maqasidi perspective and intellectual analysis to confront these contemporary transformations, safeguarding the foundations of family and human dignity in Islam.

The family conflict of the almohads over power. 541-668 AH/1147-1269 AD))

jumaah Faraj Mohammed — 2026-03-01

research investigates the internal dynastic conflict over power within the This Almohad Caliphate, identifying it as a central factor that led to its weakening and eventual collapse. The study highlights the absence of a clear succession mechanism, which fueled deadly rivalries among princes. It further illustrates how the interference of military leaders and tribal sheikhs, coupled with perilous alliances with external forces, drained the state's resources and undermined its stability. The research concludes that this internal strife was not merely a series of isolated incidents but a direct structural cause of the Almohad state's final demise

Poetic introductions in the poetry of Abu Dhu'ayb al-Hudhali (a semantic study in selected models)

Ahmed Yaqoub Atallah Ghathwan — 2026-03-01

The secret that prompted us to study the poetic introductions of Abu Dhu'ayb al-Hudhali lies not only in their repetition، but also because they are presented in a variety of meanings، forms، and themes. This is what arouses a desire for them. The poet composes a poem، then produces another، which insists on the memory of the avid reader for reading، analysis، and influence. Words possess a charm، power، and influence on the recipient، akin to the work of magic on souls and bodies. These words make us feel their sadness، joy، grief، and worries، bringing us into direct confrontation with them despite the distance in time and place and their physical departure. Through these introductions، we learn of their inability to comprehend the dangerous secret hidden in eternal time، eternal homes، trees، and other monuments. As he sees it spinning rapidly and repeatedly، everything appears before the poet، but he is deceived and unconscious، unable to understand or decipher it. These introductions interpret his relationship with existence، a relationship that is not without fear and illusion، and reveal the spiritual crisis he was experiencing، which the Holy Quran mourns

Social Relations and Transactions in the Holy Qur’an – A Thematic Study

Miqdad Adil Omar — 2026-03-01

The divine law has addressed all aspects and stages of human life, prescribing a straight path for humanity in their worldly existence as a preparation for the Hereafter. Adhering to its guidance provides individuals with greater ease and flexibility in navigating life’s circumstances. Undoubtedly, following the principles of the Sharia represents the most sound and appropriate approach to life’s various situations. Among the many aspects emphasized in the Qur’an are social dimensions. The Holy Qur’an not only mentions social relations but places significant emphasis on them, outlining legal rulings and ethical principles to strengthen and regulate such relationships.

This study aims to explore the Qur’anic verses related to financial and social transactions, relying on the interpretations of classical exegesis and the opinions of scholars from the recognized schools of Islamic jurisprudence to clarify meanings and support preferred legal opinions. The research also addresses the rulings, concessions, and allowances legislated in interpersonal dealings, whether with Muslims or with the People of the Book, highlighting relevant conditions, wisdoms, and underlying reasons

Abortion Verdicts in Islamic jurisprudence schools compared to Iraqi law

Naiip Muhsin Shakir — 2026-03-01

Entering into the idea of abortion is one of the topics, both ancient and modern, to the point that it has become a global issue related to health care and human rights. It is a controversial topic and the subject of global discussions between supporters and opponents, especially since there are many countries that have permitted abortion of all kinds, and on the other hand, there are those that prohibit and forbid it. The World Health Organization indicates that 45% of abortions around the world are unsafe. In order to address the problem of abortion and its new and renewed issues and to clarify the Islamic position, we chose to research this important topic, comparing it to Iraqi law.

The research began with an introduction that included the importance of the topic, the reason for choosing it, the objectives of the topic, previous studies, its approach and its plan. Then, I discussed the topic in two sections. The first section defined abortion linguistically, terminologically and legally, and abortion before and after the breath of the soul. In the second section we talked about abortion in cases of necessity after the breath of the soul for the sake of the mother and in the case ofAdultery and abortion for the sake of a deformed fetus, mentioning the words of the jurists, their evidence and discussion, giving preference to what the evidence suggested, then I concluded the research with the results I reached through the research. I ask God for acceptance and success.

Long-term Memory Retrieval Patterns Among Fifth-grade science Students And Their Relationship To Scientific Thinking In Physics

Hussein Zain al-Abidin Sheikh Aboush — 2026-03-01

The research aims to identify patterns of long-term memory retrieval among fifth-grade science students in physics and their relationship to scientific thinking. The research sample consisted of 229 fifth-grade science students in secondary and preparatory schools in the city of Mosul on its right and left banks for the academic year 2023-2024. The researcher used a descriptive correlational research method in this study. To achieve the research objective, the researcher prepared a questionnaire on long-term memory retrieval patterns and adopted Al-Akili's scientific thinking test in physics (2019) in four skills (observation, inference, interpretation, and generalization), consisting of 16 multiple-choice questions in its final form. The validity and reliability of the research tools were verified using appropriate methods. After distributing the research tools, the results showed the following: The predominant pattern of retrieval from long-term memory among students is the visual pattern, with a percentage of 33% of fifth-grade science students. The highest correlation between scientific thinking and long-term memory pattern is (inference, imagery) with a percentage of approximately 12% of the sample, thus representing the community. As for scientific thinking skills, observation had the highest frequency (78) with a percentage of 34% and a sharpness of 1.71, followed by inference with a frequency of 73 and a percentage of 32%. with a sharpness of 1.19. The third skill was generalization, with a frequency of 41 and a percentage of 18%, and a sharpness of 1.17. Finally, the skill of interpretation came with a frequency of 37 and a percentage of 16%, and a sharpness of 0.97. The researcher recommended several recommendations, including: First, training and teaching students to use the types of memory in accordance with their mental characteristics, giving more space in teaching methods for the psychological characteristics of the individual, and the researcher made several suggestions, including conducting research on the relationship of short-term memory with understanding physics and acquiring concepts, the impact of representing material according to memory retrieval patterns on higher brain functions such as reasoning, memory and attention.

The assessment of the efficiency of emergency center 122 services based on the (Time) indicators

Ashti Ismael Abdulrahman — 2026-03-01

equitable service coverage across the city Emergency centers services of 122 are among the essential services that must be provided to meet the needs of all members of society. Duhok city has witnessed rapid growth in both size and population, which has greatly impacted the balance between the efficiency and distribution of emergency centers of 122 in the city. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of emergency centers in Duhok based on time criteria using Network Analysis. Zone services of these centers were identified using spatial analysis methods within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment, employing the Service Area method. Additionally, the served residential units were identified using the Location Allocation technique. The study concluded that the spatial distribution of emergency centers in the city are a significant imbalance, indicating that some areas are underserved compared to others, ensuring optimal distribution and site selection for Emergency Centers 122 is essential to achieve

The cultural approach in Walid Al-Sarraf's poetry collection "Shadows from the Uprooted Tree"

Esraa Abdul Munim Fadel Hammoudi — 2026-03-01

Cultural criticism seeks to interrogation the system of values and norms prevailing in Arab culture by exploring its cultural patterns. It is a modern view of the literary text in light of its relationship and influence on the social reality that is influenced by the society in which the creative texts were born, and consequently influences the reception of these texts, their judgment, and the investigation of the feasibility of their aesthetics from its own point of view. The quest to read literary texts, extract the influence of culture on the text, and attempt to address it through the patterns of cultural criticism is what we sought to achieve in this research. Cultural criticism is a cognitive activity with its own visions, cornerstones, and constants that represent critical mechanisms that can be leans on it in dealt with texts critically and analyzing them. This study gains its importance from the fact that it deals with a poet who has received a great deal of attention in aesthetic studies, but has not been addressed by cultural criticism; From this criticism, our research into the collection of poems of the Iraqi poet Walid Al-Sarraf, titled: "Shadows of the tree that was uprooted" was launched, starting with knowing the nature of cultural criticism and its nature in order to understand it and benefit from it in theory and application with a specific goal of exploring the manifest and latent patterns in examples from the collection

Artificial Intelligence in the Gulf Cooperation Council - A Geopolitical Study

Mohammed Saad Mohammed — 2026-03-01

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a turning point for countries in our time in several political, economic, social, and military fields. It has also contributed to changing the perception of state power on the political map. It serves as an indicator for measuring the geopolitical gap between countries, given its inevitable geopolitical dimensions, which force it to be incorporated into their strategic calculations. The aim of this research paper is to study the geopolitics of AI in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, the extent of their application of this technology, their national AI strategies, and the geopolitical dimensions of AI. While the research problem revolves around the fact that the GCC countries, with the exception of the United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, possess national AI strategies, they have not invested appropriately, which is reflected in the weakness of their AI indicators. The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that the issue of AI has become a priority for policymakers and decision-makers in the GCC countries to diversify their economies and enhance their global competitiveness. Moreover, the UAE and Saudi Arabia outperform other GCC countries in the Government AI Readiness Index, ranking high both regionally and globally. This indicates the emergence of these countries' strengths. Furthermore, GCC

"The Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning in Enhancing Sixth Grade Students’ Achievement in Geography"

Yasir sahib abed Marzouq — 2026-03-01

The study sought to explore the efficacy of collaborative learning in instructing geography to enhance the scholastic accomplishment of sixth-grade elementary pupils. To fulfill the research goal, the experimental method was employed on two sets of (60) male and female students from Al-Bayariq Primary School in Baghdad. These were separated into two equivalent sets: an experimental group (30 students) and a control group (30 students). The equivalence of the two sets was confirmed through a pre-test of the scholastic achievement assessment, where the outcomes showed no statistically important variances between them. The investigator utilized an accomplishment assessment of his own creation as a research instrument, and its validity and dependability were verified. Subsequently, the experimental group experienced instruction utilizing the collaborative learning strategy, whereas the control group received instruction using the traditional approach. Upon completing the experiment, the achievement test was given to both sets once more. The results revealed statistically significant variances at the (0.01) level between the average scores of the pre- and post-tests for the experimental set, favoring the post-test. The results also displayed statistically significant variances between the mean scores of the two sets in the post-test, favoring the experimental set. The study deduced that

The Effectiveness of an Educational Program Based on Negotiative Situational Strategies for Developing Grammatical Competence among Preparatory Stage Students

Qusay Mohammed Mahmood — 2026-03-01

The research aims to develop grammatical competence among preparatory stage students through an educational program based on negotiation strategies. The research sample consisted of (70) fourth-grade preparatory students, divided into two groups (control and The researcher used the following tools: a list of grammatical competence skills suitable for fourth-grade preparatory students, a grammatical competence test, and an educational program based on negotiation strategies. The results showed statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the post-application of the grammatical competence test in favor of the experimental group students. The results also showed a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group in the pre- and post-applications in favor of the post-application. These results indicate the effectiveness of the educational program based on negotiation strategies in developing grammatical competence skills among preparatory stage students

The aesthetics of storytelling in (Hawtif ALLAil) by Bushra Al-Bustani

Ali Ghanem Abdulkarim — 2026-03-01

The Night caller's collection is one of the most important contemporary feminist narrative collections. In this collection, Ass. Prof. Dr. Bushra Al-Bustani addressed the tragic situation of Arab society in general and Iraqi society in particular in an influential narrative style that relied on short story techniques.

The research attempted to reveal the aesthetics of the textual thresholds in this collection and their relationship with the original text. It also included a study of the aesthetics of irony as one of the most important techniques of the short story. He studied the manifestations of identity because the poet, narrative critic, Bushra Al-Bustani is very proud of her belonging to the aesthetics of the Mosul and Iraqi places

The connection between good deeds and monotheism in the Holy Quran

Ban Jarullah Ali — 2026-03-01

The study explores the link between monotheism (Tawḥīd) and righteous deeds in the Qur’an، showing they are both essential to true faith. While Tawḥīd is often prioritized as the basis for accepted actions، the verse in Al-Kahf (18:110) places righteous deeds before rejecting polytheism—prompting deeper theological reflection.

Through analytical review of Qur’anic verses، the study finds that the sequencing (taqdīm wa-ta’khīr) carries intentional meaning: sincere intention and Tawḥīd together are the foundation for accepted deeds and attaining Allah’s pleasure and meeting with Him.

Housing concepts in the Holy Quran

Mohammed Ahmed Rahim Khalil — 2026-03-01

The Holy Quran contains several demographic expressions and concepts, such as dwelling, house, houses, metropolis, city, town, and village. All of these concepts refer to the spatial environment in which humans reside. Although determining the meaning of each is difficult, housing is one of the components of a decent and distinguished life that qualifies the individual for scientific trends, whether social, economic, or cultural. Nations must pay attention to this aspect of life, which qualifies the family to rise to the level fostered by the nations of the world. The Holy Quran also shows us, and its verses provide us with ample information about urban concepts. The Holy Quran contains a treasure trove of knowledge, and each verse radiates with scientific miracles, both geographical and non-geographical, including the basis for understanding demographic geography within a Quranic framework that links humans, place, and time

"Maqasid al-Shariah in Physical Acts of Worship: The Case of Prayer"

Sura Najem Al-deen Abdul Razzaq — 2026-03-01

This research aims to explore the spiritual and psychological objectives of prayer in shaping the contemporary human being, considering prayer as one of the central pillars of worship and education in Islam. The study addresses a pressing contemporary issue: the increasing prevalence of psychological disorders and life pressures, alongside the urgent need for a spiritual framework that restores balance and stability to the Muslim individual. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, drawing upon Qur’anic and Prophetic texts, while incorporating modern psychological studies on the role of religious practices in mental health. Findings indicate that prayer plays a pivotal role in fulfilling spiritual needs, strengthening the connection with God, cultivating inner peace, reducing anxiety and depression, enhancing patience, regulating emotions, and providing a deeper sense of meaning in life. The study concludes that prayer represents a holistic spiritual-psychological system capable of contributing to the development of a balanced contemporary personality

Attitudes Regional Stances on the Removal of President Mohamed Morsi: Conflict of Interests and Geopolitical Implications

Ahmed Khalid Ahmed — 2023-03-01

On July 3, 2013, the Arab Republic of Egypt witnessed a major political shift with the ousting of the first democratically elected civilian president, , by the Minister of Defense, General Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, who announced the “Roadmap for the Future.” This event sparked mixed reactions at the regional level, as regional, Arab, and international countries were divided between those supporting and endorsing the move, and those opposing and rejecting it. Some countries hesitated in defining what had happened — was it a new popular revolution or a soft military coup against the elected president Mohamed Morsi?

This development reflected directly on political alliances across the Arab and regional landscape, particularly in Egypt’s neighboring countries, and revealed the extent to which geopolitical interests inside and outside of Egypt influenced regional power balances

Turkey’s role in the International Development Road project in Iraq

Fawzi M. Salih — 2026-03-01

This research aims to highlight the International Development Road project in Iraq and Turkey's significant role in completing this vital trade project, as it is considered one of Iraq's largest trading partners. Being a neighbor of Iraq, Turkey has a considerable impact on various fields such as economy, politics, and security. Due to its geographical proximity to Iraq, it serves as a key gateway for Iraqi goods to global markets and vice versa. The importance of the International Development Road project lies in its status as a major regional project, playing a vital role in global trade once completed, serving as a bridge for international trade and energy resources transportation, in partnership with Turkey, the UAE, and Qatar. The research addresses two main questions: What is the strategic and economic importance of the Development Road for both Turkey and Iraq? What role does Turkey play in the completion of this project? The study includes an introductory section, four main topics, as well as a conclusion and findings, emphasizing Turkey's significance in completing this vital road connecting Iraq to Europe, reaching London.

Geographic Analysis of Birth Rates in Ramadi City Neighborhoods for 2022

Abdul Majeed Mohammed 1 — 2026-03-01

Objectives: The study of population growth is a fundamental issue because it is one of the most important topics in human geography. By understanding population growth, future planning can be achieved. Given the importance of population growth, the topic of births in the city of Ramadi, Al-Anbar Governorate, was chosen for 2022. The research discussed the number of births across the neighborhoods of Ramadi, the center of Al-Anbar Governorate. The aim of the research is to show the number of births in 2022 of Ramadi at the neighborhood level and to conclude about the existence of variations between the neighborhoods.Methods: The study relied on data obtained from health birth registration offices, which includes a series of months from January to December. The reason for relying on this data is its high accuracy compared tocother data taken from censuses or vital statistics (birth and death bulletins) due to its precision and detail.

Results: The study found differences between neighborhoods due to natural and human conditions. Some neighborhoods with large populations have favorable conditions and strong population attraction due to the availability of jobs and being administrative centers, thus acting as significant attractors. The population is concentrated in neighborhoods with community services and various economic and social activities.Conclusions: There is a variation between neighborhoods. The increase in population can open up prospects for economic growth, which leads to increased